Why Isn't Your Character Development Skill Improving?


As writers, we strive to create characters that leap off the page, capturing the hearts and minds of our readers.

But what if your character development skill isn't improving as much as you'd like it to?

Well, here's something you may not know: the key to unlocking the potential of your characters lies in embracing discomfort.

But how exactly does that help?

Well, my friend, let's explore the power of stepping outside your comfort zone and how it can transform your characters into captivating beings that readers can't help but be drawn to.

Key Takeaways

  1. Emotional depth is essential for well-rounded and compelling characters. Lack of introspection and self-awareness hinders conveying complex emotions, leading to shallow character development. Exploring a range of emotions creates authentic and relatable characters.
  2. Inconsistent character motivations disrupt the flow of the story. Changing goals without justification makes characters unrealistic. Understanding reasons behind changing motivations provides insight into growth and helps maintain consistent character development.
  3. Conflicting motivations undermine authenticity and relatability. Inconsistent actions make characters unrelatable. Resolving conflicting motivations leads to significant character growth and enhances storytelling by aligning actions with motivations.
  4. Backstory information is crucial for providing context to character actions. It ensures actions align with established beliefs and experiences, adding depth and realism to characters. Revealing backstory engages the audience and strengthens connection, while the lack of it can result in arbitrary and confusing character decisions.

Lack of Emotional Depth

Lacking emotional depth can hinder one's ability to develop well-rounded and compelling characters. Character development is a crucial aspect of storytelling, as it allows readers to connect with the characters on a deeper level. However, without emotional depth, characters may come across as one-dimensional and unrelatable.

One of the main reasons for a lack of emotional depth in character development is a lack of introspection and self-awareness. When we don't take the time to understand ourselves and our own emotions, it becomes difficult to convey complex and nuanced emotions in our writing. Real people experience a range of emotions, from joy and excitement to sadness and fear. Without exploring these emotions within ourselves, it becomes challenging to create characters who feel real and authentic.

Additionally, struggling to empathize with others and understand their perspectives can limit our emotional depth. To create well-rounded characters, we must be able to step into their shoes and understand their motivations and feelings. By developing our empathy skills, we can create characters who are relatable and evoke emotions in readers.

Avoiding vulnerable and uncomfortable emotions can also result in shallow character development. It's natural to want to protect ourselves from pain or discomfort, but these emotions are an essential part of the human experience. By embracing vulnerability and exploring these emotions, we can create characters who feel genuine and resonate with readers.

Inconsistent Character Motivations

When it comes to character development, one of the key factors to consider is maintaining consistent motivations. Changing goals and desires, conflicting motivations, and a lack of backstory information can all contribute to inconsistencies in a character's actions and decisions.

These inconsistencies can confuse the audience and hinder their engagement with the story. By ensuring that a character's motivations align with their actions and providing a clear understanding of their backstory, writers can create more believable and compelling narratives.

Changing Goals and Desires

One key aspect of effective character development is ensuring that the goals and desires of the characters remain consistent throughout the story, as this helps to avoid confusing the audience. When a character's goals and desires change without reason or explanation, it can lead to inconsistent and unconvincing character development. This inconsistency can detract from the overall narrative and make it difficult for readers to connect with the characters.

It's important to establish clear and logical reasons for any shifts in a character's goals and desires to maintain a cohesive and engaging story. Understanding the underlying reasons for a character's changing motivations can add depth and complexity to their development.

  • Inconsistent character motivations can disrupt the flow of the story.
  • Changing goals and desires without proper justification can make characters seem fickle or unrealistic.
  • Logical and gradual shifts in motivations can create a more believable and relatable character.
  • Exploring the reasons behind a character's changing goals and desires can provide insight into their growth and development.

Conflicting Motivations

Conflicting motivations can undermine the authenticity and relatability of a character, hindering their development and the overall storytelling experience. Inconsistent character motivations can lead to confusion and a lack of depth in the narrative.

When a character's motivations are at odds with each other or their actions don't align with their desires, it can make them seem inconsistent and unrelatable to the audience. In the real world, people's motivations may change and conflict, but in storytelling, it's essential to ensure that a character's actions consistently align with their motivations to maintain authenticity.

Conflicting motivations can create narrative tension, but they should ultimately serve the character's development. Resolving these conflicting motivations can lead to significant growth and depth in the character's arc, enhancing the overall storytelling experience.

Lack of Backstory Information

As we explore the issue of inconsistent character motivations, a crucial factor that can contribute to this problem is the lack of backstory information. Without a comprehensive understanding of a character's past experiences and beliefs, their decisions may seem arbitrary or confusing. To address this issue, it's essential to provide the necessary backstory information to support the character's motivations.

Here are a few reasons why this is important:

  • Need for context: Backstory information gives readers a clearer picture of the character's background, helping them understand why the character thinks and acts the way they do.
  • Making sure actions align: Providing backstory information ensures that a character's actions are consistent with their established beliefs and experiences.
  • Enhancing character depth: Backstory information adds depth to characters, making them more relatable and realistic.
  • Engaging the audience: By revealing a character's backstory, readers become more invested in their journey, creating a stronger connection between the audience and the character.

Weak Character Arcs

Weak character arcs can hinder the overall development and impact of a story. When characters lack internal change or growth, it makes us feel disconnected and uninvested in their journey. We need to know that they are evolving and learning from their experiences. Weak character arcs often result from characters who remain static, without facing significant challenges or confronting their flaws. They fail to make decisions or evolve in response to the narrative.

To illustrate the impact of weak character arcs, let's compare two characters: Amy and Ben.

Amy Ben
Amy starts as a shy and introverted teenager who dreams of becoming a writer. Despite facing various obstacles, she never confronts her fears or takes risks. Her character remains stagnant throughout the story. Ben, on the other hand, begins as a carefree and irresponsible young man. However, after a tragic event, he realizes the importance of taking responsibility for his actions. He works hard to change his ways, learning valuable lessons along the way.

In this comparison, Amy's weak character arc leaves us feeling unsatisfied. We don't see her grow or overcome her challenges, which diminishes the impact of the story. In contrast, Ben's character arc is compelling and engaging. We witness his transformation and feel emotionally invested in his journey.

To improve character arcs, it is essential for characters to undergo emotional and psychological development in response to events and conflicts. They need to confront their flaws, make decisions, and evolve in response to the narrative. This will ensure that their actions and behaviors reflect the impact of the story's events on their inner world. Strong character arcs not only enhance the overall development of a story but also captivate and resonate with readers, leaving a lasting impression.

Ignoring Secondary Characters

Developing strong secondary characters is crucial in creating a well-rounded and immersive story experience. While it's easy to focus solely on the main character, overlooking the importance of secondary characters can limit the depth and complexity of the story. Here are four key reasons why we need to pay attention to these supporting roles:

Insights and Perspectives: Secondary characters can provide valuable insights and perspectives that enrich the main character's development. By showcasing different viewpoints and experiences, they add depth and authenticity to the narrative, making it more relatable and engaging.

Richness and Diversity: Neglecting secondary characters can result in a lack of richness and diversity in the story. These characters allow for the exploration of different backgrounds, cultures, and personalities, adding layers of complexity that enhance the overall storytelling experience.

Catalysts for Growth: Secondary characters can serve as catalysts for the main character's growth and transformation. Through their interactions and relationships, they challenge the protagonist, pushing them to confront their flaws, overcome obstacles, and evolve throughout the story.

Subplots and Themes: Ignoring secondary characters can lead to missed opportunities for subplots and thematic exploration. These characters can have their own storylines and arcs, contributing to the overall narrative in meaningful ways. By giving them depth and purpose, the story becomes more multi-dimensional and thought-provoking.

To truly create a captivating and innovative story, we mustn't underestimate the importance of secondary characters. They bring the narrative to life, shedding light on different perspectives, and adding layers of complexity that make the story more immersive and memorable.

Superficial Dialogue

Superficial dialogue is a common pitfall in character development, leading to flat interactions and a lack of meaningful conversations. When characters engage in shallow exchanges or indulge in small talk, it fails to reveal their true selves and hinders the reader's ability to connect on a deeper level.

Flat Character Interactions

Ineffective character interactions can hinder the development of your story's depth and complexity, especially when dialogue fails to reveal meaningful insights about the characters or their motivations. Flat character interactions, characterized by superficial dialogue lacking depth and complexity, can have a detrimental impact on storytelling.

Here are some key points to consider:

  • Developing dynamic character interactions is crucial for creating engaging stories.
  • Strategies for creating engaging dialogue include incorporating conflict, subtext, and character-specific speech patterns.
  • Flat character interactions often lead to predictable and unengaging conversations, hindering character development.
  • Shallow dialogue fails to explore the complexities of characters' emotions, thoughts, and experiences, preventing their growth.

Lack of Meaningful Conversations

Meaningful conversations are the cornerstone of deep and authentic connections, allowing for a genuine exploration of emotions, perspectives, and experiences. However, the impact of shallow dialogue on character relationships can't be underestimated.

Superficial conversations hinder personal growth by failing to provide the necessary depth for meaningful exchanges. Without vulnerability, characters are unable to deepen their development and understand others on a deeper level.

Surface-level conversations limit the exploration of diverse perspectives and experiences, leading to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. In order to improve character development, it's crucial to prioritize meaningful conversations that foster emotional intelligence and empathy.

Neglecting Backstories

Neglecting backstories can severely limit the depth and complexity of character development. Backstories provide vital context and motivation for a character's actions and decisions. They help shape the character's relationships, explore internal conflicts, and understand the role of trauma in their development. By neglecting backstories, characters become one-dimensional and lack the depth necessary to engage and resonate with the audience.

Here are four reasons why neglecting backstories hinders character development:

  • Impact on character relationships: Backstories reveal the formative experiences that shape a character's relationships with others. By neglecting this crucial aspect, the dynamics between characters become shallow and lacking in authenticity. Understanding a character's past allows for more meaningful and believable relationships to develop.
  • The role of trauma in character development: Backstories often involve traumatic experiences that have a profound impact on a character's psyche. Neglecting to explore these traumas limits the opportunity for growth and healing, depriving characters of the chance to overcome their past and develop resilience.
  • Backstories and the exploration of internal conflict: Backstories provide insight into a character's internal struggles, fears, and desires. By neglecting to delve into these aspects, characters miss out on the opportunity for personal growth and transformation. Internal conflict is what drives character development, and neglecting backstories deprives characters of this essential element.
  • Creating empathetic and relatable characters: Backstories humanize characters and make them relatable to the audience. Neglecting to develop these backstories results in characters that feel distant and unrelatable, hindering the audience's ability to connect with and invest in their journey.

Lack of Conflict

Conflict is an essential catalyst for the dynamic growth and development of characters. Without conflict, characters may stagnate, their arcs becoming uninteresting and predictable. To truly improve your character development skill, it's crucial to explore and incorporate various forms of conflict.

One way to introduce conflict is by having characters overcome internal conflicts. These conflicts arise from their own desires, fears, and insecurities. By delving into their inner struggles, you allow your characters to evolve and transform, making them more relatable and engaging.

Another avenue to explore is moral dilemmas. Characters facing moral conflicts are forced to make difficult choices that test their values and principles. This not only adds depth to their personalities but also provides opportunities for growth and self-reflection.

Furthermore, navigating relationship conflicts can also propel character development. Interactions with other characters can reveal a character's strengths, weaknesses, and motivations. By exploring the complexities of these relationships, you can create compelling storylines and showcase the growth and evolution of your characters.

Shallow Antagonists

Shallow antagonists can hinder the overall depth and impact of a story due to their lack of complexity and motivation. When a character is portrayed in a one-dimensional manner, it becomes difficult for readers to engage with them on a deeper level. Here are four reasons why shallow antagonists can have a detrimental impact on the depth of a story:

  1. Lack of character complexity: Shallow antagonists often lack the depth and complexity that make characters relatable and compelling. Without a well-developed backstory or internal conflict, they come across as flat and uninteresting.
  2. One-dimensional portrayal: Shallow antagonists rely on stereotypical villainous traits without much nuance. They're often portrayed as purely evil or motivated solely by greed or power. This simplistic portrayal can make them feel predictable and uninspiring.
  3. Impact on story depth: The presence of a shallow antagonist can undermine the overall depth of a story. When the main source of conflict lacks complexity, it limits the opportunities for character development and exploration of deeper themes and ideas.
  4. Missed potential for growth: Shallow antagonists rarely undergo significant growth or transformation throughout the course of a story. This missed opportunity for character development not only affects the antagonist but also impacts the growth and development of the protagonist and the overall narrative arc.

In order to create a more impactful story, it's important to give antagonists the same level of attention and complexity as the protagonists. By delving deeper into their motivations, providing them with rich backstories, and allowing them to evolve, the story can achieve a greater sense of depth and resonance.

Underdeveloped Relationships

As we move from exploring the impact of shallow antagonists on character development, we now turn our attention to the importance of developing meaningful and deep relationships within a story.

Underdeveloped relationships lack the depth and connection necessary to engage readers on an emotional level. They often suffer from a lack of trust, effective communication, and shared experiences.

Building trust is crucial in underdeveloped relationships. To create trust and emotional intimacy, characters must be vulnerable and open with each other. This means allowing themselves to be seen and understood, even in their flaws and weaknesses. By sharing their fears, dreams, and past experiences, characters can begin to build a foundation of trust that will deepen their connection.

Effective communication is another key aspect of improving underdeveloped relationships. Characters need to listen actively, empathize with each other's perspectives, and express themselves honestly and openly. By using clear and concise language, avoiding assumptions, and actively seeking understanding, characters can bridge the gaps in their communication and foster deeper connections.

Finding common ground is also essential in underdeveloped relationships. Characters should strive to establish shared experiences and understanding. This can be done by engaging in activities together, exploring each other's interests, or simply spending quality time together. By finding common interests and values, characters can create a bond that goes beyond surface-level interactions.

Lack of Character Growth

When it comes to character growth, one of the main issues is stagnant character traits. A lack of growth in a character can make them feel one-dimensional and uninteresting.

Additionally, inconsistent character arcs can hinder their development by making their actions and choices seem illogical or out of character.

Lastly, missed growth opportunities, such as not learning from mistakes or refusing to embrace discomfort, can prevent a character from evolving and becoming more complex.

Stagnant Character Traits

Stagnant character traits can undermine the impact and relatability of a story, ultimately leading to predictable and unengaging narratives. When characters fail to grow and evolve throughout a story, it hinders their ability to make impactful choices, navigate growth through adversity, and develop evolving relationships.

  • Impactful choices: Without character development, the choices made by the characters lack depth and significance. This can result in a lack of tension and excitement, making the story feel flat and uninteresting.
  • Growth through adversity: Character growth is often achieved through overcoming challenges and obstacles. Stagnant character traits prevent characters from facing and overcoming adversity, depriving the story of emotional depth and personal growth.
  • Evolving relationships: Dynamic characters experience changes in their relationships with others. Stagnant character traits prevent characters from forming meaningful connections and evolving relationships, leading to stagnant and unengaging interactions.

In order to create engaging and innovative narratives, it's essential for writers to focus on developing their characters and avoiding stagnant character traits.

Inconsistent Arcs

To create dynamic and compelling characters, it's crucial for writers to ensure consistent growth and change throughout their story, including avoiding the pitfall of inconsistent character arcs.

Inconsistent character development can lead to unfulfilling and unsatisfying character arcs that fail to engage readers. It's important to build a strong foundation for your character's growth by establishing their personality traits, goals, and motivations early on. By doing so, you can create believable and satisfying character arcs that resonate with readers.

Inconsistent arcs, on the other hand, can disrupt the flow of the story and make it difficult for readers to connect with the characters. This lack of believability and depth can result in reader disengagement and dissatisfaction.

It's essential to ensure that your characters face obstacles and challenges that force them to grow and change over the course of the story, allowing readers to witness their evolution. By maintaining consistent character development, you can create compelling arcs that keep readers invested in your story.

Missed Growth Opportunities

Despite the discomfort and challenges that arise, missed growth opportunities in character development often stem from avoiding them.

To truly improve our character, we must confront and overcome our fears. Fear holds us back from taking risks and embracing new experiences, preventing us from unlocking our full potential.

Embracing vulnerability is another missed growth opportunity. It's through vulnerability that we can connect with others on a deeper level, building empathy and understanding. By avoiding vulnerability, we miss the chance to develop our emotional intelligence and strengthen our relationships.

Poor Use of Symbolism

Poor use of symbolism can hinder the depth and effectiveness of character development, leading to a disconnect between the audience and the story. Common mistakes in this area include using overly obvious or cliché symbols, misusing symbols in a heavy-handed manner, and failing to integrate symbols seamlessly into the narrative.

Examples of poor symbolism can be seen when characters are represented by objects that are too literal or predictable. For instance, if a character who's meant to be mysterious and enigmatic is constantly associated with dark shadows, it can come across as forced and unconvincing. Similarly, using symbols without proper context or relevance to the story can confuse or disengage the audience. If a character is associated with a specific animal, for example, but there's no clear reason for this connection, it can feel arbitrary and meaningless.

To improve symbolism, it's important to consider its purpose and meaning within the story. Symbols should enhance the audience's understanding of the character and their journey. One tip for improving symbolism is to use objects or images that have multiple layers of meaning, allowing for deeper exploration of the character's inner world. Another tip is to ensure that symbols are integrated organically into the narrative, rather than feeling like separate entities. This can be achieved by using symbols that are directly tied to the character's experiences, emotions, or conflicts.

Inadequate Research

Insufficient research can lead to inaccurate and harmful portrayals of characters' diverse backgrounds and experiences. When developing characters, it's essential to conduct effective research to ensure authenticity and avoid perpetuating stereotypes. Here are some key points to consider when conducting research for character development:

  • Research methods: To effectively portray diverse characters, it's important to utilize both traditional and unconventional research methods. This may include reading books, articles, and personal narratives, as well as engaging in interviews, attending cultural events, and immersing oneself in different communities.
  • Cultural sensitivity: Avoiding stereotypes is crucial when representing diverse character experiences. It's essential to delve beyond surface-level understanding and portray the nuances and complexities of different cultures, races, and backgrounds. By challenging assumptions and seeking a deeper understanding, we can create well-rounded and realistic characters.
  • Engaging with communities: The importance of community involvement can't be overstated. By actively engaging with the communities we're representing, we can gain invaluable insights and perspectives. This can be done through participation in cultural events, joining online forums, or even seeking guidance from individuals who've lived experiences related to the characters we're developing.
  • Continual learning and growth: Improving character development skills requires an ongoing commitment to learning and growth. We must be open to feedback, willing to challenge our own biases, and constantly seek new sources of knowledge. By embracing a growth mindset, we can create characters that are authentic, respectful, and relatable.

Inadequate research can lead to inaccurate and harmful portrayals of characters' diverse backgrounds and experiences. To avoid this, it's crucial to employ effective research methods, prioritize cultural sensitivity, engage with communities, and commit to continual learning and growth in our character development process.

Failing to Write Realistically

When it comes to writing realistically, there are a few key areas where many writers miss the mark.

One common mistake is creating characters with unrealistic motivations, which can make their actions feel forced or inauthentic.

Another pitfall is relying on flat character arcs, where the characters don't experience significant growth or change throughout the story.

Lastly, failing to delve into the emotional depth of characters can result in two-dimensional portrayals that lack complexity and resonance.

To avoid these pitfalls and create more believable characters, it's important to observe real-life interactions, conduct thorough research, and prioritize emotional authenticity in our writing.

Unrealistic Character Motivations

Crafting realistic character motivations is essential for creating compelling and relatable individuals within a story. When character motivations are unrealistic, it can have significant consequences for the overall narrative.

Here are some key points to consider:

  • Unrealistic character motivations: exploring the consequences:
  • It can undermine the believability of the story and the characters themselves.
  • It can lead to inconsistencies and plot holes.
  • It can make it difficult for readers to connect with the characters emotionally.
  • It can weaken the overall impact and effectiveness of the story.

Uncovering the reasons behind unrealistic character motivations is crucial in order to address the issue. By understanding the root causes, such as lack of research or a desire for plot convenience, writers can make more informed decisions and develop more authentic motivations for their characters.

Overcoming unrealistic character motivations requires practical solutions. Writers should:

  • Conduct thorough research to ensure motivations align with a character's personality and experiences.
  • Strive for complexity and multi-faceted motivations that reflect real human desires and fears.
  • Avoid generic or stereotypical motivations that don't add depth to the character.
  • Consider the impact of external factors on a character's motivations, such as societal norms or cultural influences.

Flat Character Arcs

Flat character arcs can hinder the realistic development of a character and undermine the overall impact of a story. Character stagnation is a consequence of flat character arcs that can leave the story feeling stagnant and uninteresting. When characters fail to change or grow throughout the story, it can result in a lack of tension and conflict.

Delving into the internal struggles and challenges faced by characters in a flat arc is crucial for creating depth and complexity. Without this internal conflict, characters can feel one-dimensional and unrelatable. Furthermore, a lack of character development can greatly impact reader engagement. When readers are unable to emotionally invest in the characters, they're less likely to be captivated by the story and its outcome.

It's important for authors to avoid flat character arcs and instead focus on creating realistic and dynamic character development to keep readers engaged and invested.

Lack of Emotional Depth

To further develop a character's depth and relatability, it's essential to authentically capture their emotional journey and avoid writing in a contrived or forced manner. Lack of emotional depth can result in characters feeling one-dimensional and unrelatable, hindering the overall impact and resonance of a story.

Here are four techniques to address this issue and create characters with genuine and relatable emotions:

  • Dive deeper into your character's emotional journey by exploring their fears, desires, and insecurities.
  • Show their emotional growth and transformation throughout the story, allowing readers to witness their development.
  • Use sensory details and vivid descriptions to evoke emotions in readers, allowing them to connect with the character's experiences.
  • Develop complex relationships and conflicts that challenge your character's emotional resilience, creating opportunities for growth and change.

Limited Understanding of Archetypes

My limited understanding of archetypes hindered my ability to create diverse and compelling characters. Archetypes play a crucial role in character development, providing a framework for understanding and developing traits and behavior. By representing universal patterns of human behavior, archetypes help us craft relatable characters that resonate with readers.

One common mistake in understanding archetypes is relying too heavily on stereotypes. It's important to remember that archetypes aren't meant to be one-dimensional caricatures, but rather starting points for creating well-rounded characters. By understanding the deeper motivations and fears associated with each archetype, we can avoid falling into the trap of creating predictable and clichéd characters.

To effectively use archetypes, it's essential to delve beyond surface-level traits and explore the complexities and contradictions of human nature. This involves incorporating unique personal histories, desires, and conflicts into our characters. By doing so, we can create individuals who defy expectations and surprise readers, making our stories more engaging and memorable.

To enhance character development, it's also helpful to combine multiple archetypes or create hybrid archetypes that blend different traits and behaviors. This allows for the creation of more nuanced and complex characters, adding depth and authenticity to their personalities.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is Poor Character Development?

Poor character development refers to the failure to create dynamic and well-rounded characters in a story. It results in character stagnation, a lack of growth, and missed opportunities for development. These characters lack depth and believability, often exhibiting inconsistent behavior and unrelatable motivations. They become predictable and one-dimensional, lacking realistic and recognizable traits that readers can connect with.

Poor character development also fails to show the growth and change of characters throughout the story, resulting in stagnant and uninteresting personalities.

Can a Character Have No Character Development?

Character development can stagnate when a character remains unchanged throughout the story. This lack of growth can have a significant impact on storytelling.

Without character development, the narrative may become stagnant and uninteresting, leaving readers or viewers disengaged. It's vital for characters to evolve and change over time to keep the story dynamic and compelling.

Without this progression, the narrative may lack depth and fail to captivate the audience.

Can Character Development Be Negative?

Character development can indeed have negative effects on storytelling. While it's important to showcase growth and change in characters, focusing solely on negative development can hinder the overall impact of the story.

It may alienate readers and perpetuate harmful stereotypes. Additionally, an overemphasis on negative traits or experiences can overshadow positive growth and resilience, leading to an imbalanced portrayal of a character's journey.

It's essential to strike a balance and ensure that character development contributes positively to the story.

What Is the Most Important Part of Character Development?

The most important part of character development is embracing conflict, seeking growth, and nurturing relationships.

Conflict challenges us, pushing us outside our comfort zones to develop resilience and problem-solving skills.

Growth is essential for personal transformation, as we learn from our mistakes and strive for continuous improvement.

Relationships provide us with support, feedback, and opportunities for collaboration and learning.

Conclusion

In conclusion, improving your character development skills requires embracing discomfort, seeking feedback, dedicating time and effort to practice, and learning from mistakes.

It's essential to delve into emotional depth, maintain consistent character motivations, craft strong character arcs, give attention to secondary characters, write meaningful dialogue, utilize symbolism effectively, conduct adequate research, and strive for realism.

By addressing these areas, you can enhance your character development and create more compelling and authentic stories.

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